Essay on Community Immersion - 1814 Words

SWOK 534 Policy and Practice in Social Service Organizations Melinda Duplichan University of Southern California- VAC, spring 2011 Professor: Wells Community Immersion Paper: Jennings, Louisiana I. Identification and General Description of Community Choosing a community to write about for this community immersion paper was not hard, as I live in one of the most talked about cities in southern Louisiana. Jennings, Louisiana is a city located in the southern part of Louisiana about 80 miles from Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It is the city base for Jeff Davis Parish which combined has 6 cities in the parish (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010). Jennings is considered a rural area with a population of 10,909 people residing in the city.†¦show more content†¦These families have been living here from the beginning and own most of all the businesses in Jennings. Jennings with these power families there is a lot of corruption within the city. According to an interview conducted with a resident of Jennings, it is a visible corruption. They stated that it’s in the police department and in the court houses. The court house is located in central Jennings and shares a building with the parish sheriff’s department. The courthouse has two courtrooms and on judge. One Monday’s, Tuesday’s and Wednesday’s are court days in Jennings. Because this is the parish base surrounding cities in the parish have to attend court in Jennings. The mayor’s office is located across from the courthouse, basically if he is in office the office residents have the opportunity to speak with him. Election for public office are held every two years, however the judge and chief of police have held the same positions for the last 4 years. They were reelected with majority of the vote. Observing and interviewing residents across the tracks with a low economic status on the government of Jennings. 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Summary Bulls, Bears, And Golden Calves - 1278 Words

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Polymers Essay Example For Students

Polymers Essay Polymers are large moleculescomposed of smaller molecules called monomers. Monomers are produced and either grow togetheror are assembled to produce a single polymer. There are synthetic and natural polymers. Someexamples of natural polymers would be wood,starches, fingernails, and hair. Synthetic polymersare usually referred to as plastics. Petroleum, is theprimary monomer used to produce polymers. AnEnglish chemist named Alexander Parkes was thefirst scientist to produce the first synthetic polymerin 1862. John Wesley Hyatt, an American, wasthe first person to produce a useable polymer twoyears later. He named the product celluloid. Theprime virtue of polymers is a highstrength-to-weight ratio. Industrial-strengthpolymers surpass titanium in tensile strength. Toadd strength and improve flexibility, polymers aresometimes fortified with short-fiber additives,mostly fiberglass. This is known as a polymercomposite. One particular polymer has three timesthe strength of tempered steel and is being used inbullet proof vests. Another composite will be usedto fasten together the sections proposed spacestations. Polymers have also been used in cars,includ ing the Chevrolet Camaro and the PontiacFiero. New polymers are being created with morestrength and flexibility by combing two chemicallydifferent polymers and producing a blockcopolymer. Combinations of block copolymersand composites and intended for use in boosterrockets and in materials of Earth-orbitinginstallations. Most common polymers are usuallysolid, but a new class of polymers is beingintroduced in a liquid crystal state. Although thesepolymers still have the physical characteristics ofliquid, they are structured more like solids. Manyliquid crystals are transparent at one temperatureand colored at another temperature. This makesthem suitable for use in liquid crystal displays, suchas in digital watches, hand-held calculators, andlap-top computers. A new liquid polymer,consisting of a mixture of iron and nickel, is beingused to make metal links that can be used inpaper, glass, and on electronic circuit boards. Despite the development and widespread use ofpolymers, scientific understanding is still sketchy. Polymer development has occurred through trialand error. Scientific shortcomings are becomingmore apparent in the search for polymers that canmeet the demands for high technology of today. The new study is on the microstructure ofpolymers while still in a liquid state. The purpose isto learn how the solid-state structure is developed. The ultimate goal is to be able to predictproperties from a specific material under aconstant set of processing conditions. Science

Evaluate Ways of Reconciling Capacity and Demand in Either a Service or Manufacturing Organisation You Are Familiar with. Essay Example

Evaluate Ways of Reconciling Capacity and Demand in Either a Service or Manufacturing Organisation You Are Familiar with. Essay Faculty of Commerce Department of Business Management Master of Commerce Degree in Strategic Management and Corporate Governance 1. 2 Module : Production and Operations Management Module Code : MBM 705 NAME OF LECTURER : Mr A. Mafuka Semester 2, 2012 NAME: Gwyneth Ngoma Registration Number :R 12228 A Date:31st August 2012 ASSIGNMENT 1 : Evaluate ways of reconciling capacity and demand in either a service or manufacturing organisation you are familiar with. . Submitted in partial fulfilment of the Master of Commerce Degree in Strategic Management and Corporate Governance Part 1. 1. DEFINITIONS Capacity is defined as the â€Å"specific ability of an entity (person or organisation) or resource , measured in quantity and level of quality , over an extended period. † (Source : http // : www. businessdictionary. com) Capacity utilisation is the â€Å"extent or level to which the productive  capacity  of a  plant, firm, or  country  is being used in generation of  goods and services. † It is expressed usually as a percentage and is calculated, it is computed by dividing the total capacity with the portion being utilized. (Source : http://www. businessdictionary. om ) Demand â€Å"An economic principle that describes a consumer’s desire and willingness to pay a price for a specific good or service. Holding all other factors constant, the price of a good or service increases as its demand increases and vice versa. † (Source : www://investopedia. com) The following definitions have been extracted from the Electricity Glossary (Source : https://power2switch. com/glossary) and these are terminologies used in the electricity industry and will be referred to in this paper :- Megawatt(MW)- â€Å"A unit of energy equivalent to 1000 kW or 1,000,000 watts. Kilowatt(kW)- â€Å"A unit of energy equal to 1,000 watts. † Grid  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ â€Å"used to describe the interconnected transmission system. † Thermal power – â₠¬Å"power produced by converting heat into electricity. †Ã‚   Hydro-power â€Å"Power that is derived from the weight or motion of water, used as a force to drive a turbine or other machinery. † Co-generation is â€Å"the use of fuel to produce electricity as well as another product such as steam or water. † Capacity  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ â€Å"The maximum electric power output of a generating unit (measured in megawatts(MW) or the maximum amount of power that lines or equipment can safely carry. Demand  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ â€Å"The total amount of electricity used at any given moment in time usually measured in kilowatts(kW) or megawatts (MW). † Installed capacity : â€Å"It is the designed power generation capacity of a plant. It is expressed in terms of energy generated per unit time. † Load â€Å"amount of end-use demand† Load curve – â€Å"A graph that plots the power supplied by an electric power system versus time. † Power : â€Å"elect ricity† Load factor :â€Å" Ratio of average energy demand (load) to the maximum demand (peak load) during a period. load-shedding –â€Å"cutting off the electric current on certain lines when the demand becomes greater than the supply. † Demand Side Management (DSM) â€Å"The act of reducing energy consumption or moving energy use from peak to off-peak, periods in order to reduce overall energy costs. † The Ministry of Energy and Power Development defines Demand Side Management  as â€Å"a process whereby an electricity supplier (with other stakeholders) influences the way electricity is used by customers. † (Source : www. energy. gov. zw) 2. BACKGROUND This paper analyses and evaluates ways of reconciling capacity and demand of electricity. ZESA group of companies is made up of two core business companies, which are Zimbabwe Power Company (ZPC) who are responsible for electricity generation and Zimbabwe Electricity and Transmission Company (ZETDC) who are responsible for transmitting electricity to various distribution points and then distributing the electricity to customers. The evaluation in this paper looks at various ways that ZETDC employs in order to match available capacity and demand of electricity. The electricity system is interconnected from power stations right through to the customer and for purposes of this paper, ZESA group of companies will be taken as one entity or organisation due to the synergetic relationships that exist between the companies. Electricity in Zimbabwe has been in short supply since 2007, when through supply and demand projections that had been done , it had been established that electricity demand will outstrip supply in 2007 and Zimbabwe would need to build new power stations in order to meet increased demand. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluate Ways of Reconciling Capacity and Demand in Either a Service or Manufacturing Organisation You Are Familiar with. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluate Ways of Reconciling Capacity and Demand in Either a Service or Manufacturing Organisation You Are Familiar with. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluate Ways of Reconciling Capacity and Demand in Either a Service or Manufacturing Organisation You Are Familiar with. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, it was also realised that there are ways of ensuring that available capacity matches demand of electricity, without having to build new power stations. 3. 1 Status of Electricity Supply and Demand in Zimbabwe ZPC has five power stations operating in Zimbabwe, namely Hwange Power Station, Kariba Power Station and three small thermal power stations Bulawayo Power Station, Harare Power Station and Munyati Power Stations. Zimbabwe is characterised by severe power shortages as demand of power outstrips supply. The current electricity supply and demand situation is as follows :- POWER STATION| INSTALLED CAPACITY| DEPENDABLE CAPACITY| ACTUAL CAPACITY| CAPACITY UTILISATION| Hwange Thermal Power Station | 920MW| 700MW| 534MW| 0. 58| Kariba Hydro-Power Station| 750MW| 750MW| 740MW| 0. 99| Small Thermal Power Stations| 230MW| 100MW| 64MW| 0. 27| TOTALS| 1 900MW| 1 550MW| 1338MW| 0. 70| Thermal power stations are unable to attain the installed capacity due to the nature of the technologies used. Efficiency levels are very low, with the average being as low as 30% as the conversion processes involved in power generation cause a lot of energy to be lost thus causing inefficiencies. As given in the table above, it is not possible for Hwange Power Station and the small thermal power stations to achieve 100% of their installed capacity. Kariba is a hydro-power station whose capacity utilisation reaches as high as 100% and this is caused by the type of technology used which conserves energy. The maximum demand for power in Zimbabwe is about 2200MW, which is realised during the winter peak period. During off-peak periods demand is about 1600MW. Available capacity is 1338MW. This means that there is a shortfall about 562MW during peak period and 262 MW during off-peak periods, which is met through imports and load shedding. . SHORT –MEDIUM TERM MEASURES OF MATCHING CAPACITY WITH DEMAND IN THE ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY Outlined below are short term measures that are used to reconcile available capacity and demand. 4. 2 Demand- Side Management (DSM) These are measures that allow management of the consumption /demand by consumers. 4. 3. 1 Prepaid meters for all domest ic customers – Installation of prepaid meters will instil a culture of conserving electricity as consumers will utilise electricity based on their ability to pay for the electricity. Pre-paid meters allow consumers to use what they will have paid for only. In order to save on the units of electricity, consumers will implement measures like switching off geysers, switching off lights, etc. Prepaid meters enables consumers to manage their own electricity consumption. 4. 3. 2 Ripple Control Systems – Installation of ripple control systems for geysers enables automatic switching off of geysers when demand of electricity rises above capacity, thus saving electricity. Ripple control geysers enable switching off geysers during peak periods, resulting in anticipated savings of 45MW in short term and up to 250MW in the long term. These savings are quite significant and are equivalent to building a stand-alone power station. ZETDC is in control and ensures that the power savings are realised. 4. 3. 3 Substitution of incandescent lamps with compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) ZETDC is currently implementing a programme of replacing incandescent lamps with compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) , which are energy efficient . The programme will result in savings of 80MW. The effectiveness of this measure depends on consumers’ willingness to use the CFLs and could be difficult for ZETDC to control. . 3. 4 Time of Use Pricing– ZETDC intends to introduce Time-of-Use pricing where electricity is priced in such a way that it is expensive during peak periods and less expensive during off-peak periods. This reduces demand during peak periods and the lower prices during off-peak periods entice customers, especially those in industry to change their manufacturing schedules so that they produce during off-peak periods . This optimises the load curve and ensures that large customers use power at night, when is usually adequate and the price is lower. That way capacity and demand are reconciled. This measure in within control of ZETDC and is quite effective. 4. 3. 5 Promotion of use of renewable sources of energy like solar geysers, solar water pumps, biogas digesters and solar lighting systems, will release power from the grid to productive sectors of the economy. Instead of using electricity for lighting, cooking and water pumping, alternative sources are used thus saving a significant amount of electricity from the grid. The power saved helps is reducing the deficit between available capacity and demand. However, this measure is beyond ZETDC’s control and can only be effective insofar consumers take the initiative to use renewable energy technologies. 4. 3 Promotion of co-generation – Co-generation is generation of electricity for own consumption. Cogeneration is simultaneous generation of two different forms of useful energy using one single primary energy source, most usual electrical, which is for own use and for thermal heating, which can further be used to produce electricity. This is beneficial as it reduces energy bills of the entity as it is generates its own power. Since electricity is generated at source and also consumed at source, there is a reduction in transmission and distribution losses. Examples of organisations that do co-generation are Hippo Valley Estates, Triangle Estates and Chisumbanje Ethanol Plant. These do not get the electricity from ZETDC but they generate power using bagasse, the waste product from sugar cane. Encouraging companies to engage in co-generation saves a lot of power hence, it is used as a way of reconciling capacity and demand. If they have excess power they sell it to ZETDC, which also adds to available power. However, this measure is beyond ZETDC control and can only be effective insofar as some consumers take the initiative to take the route going into co-generation. 4. 4 Statutory maintenance – Statutory maintenance is done regularly after a power generator unit has run for a certain number of hours and this is done to ensure safety and reliability of the generator units so that the generator unit is always available. In order to ensure that there is a balance between available capacity and demand, timing of the maintenance is done when demand is low, especially in summer. The winter period is always avoided as it is the time when demand is at its peak due to increased demand caused by water and space heating. However, statutory maintenance does not increase available capacity, it only contributes to reliability of generators. Effectively, the measure ensures that there are no unplanned power cuts due to breakdowns of generator units. 4. 5 Rehabilitation of HPS and Small Thermals – This involves refurbishing Hwange Power Station and small thermal power stations in order to increase their generating capacity. This would add 90MW to 340MW in next two years. Rehabilitation is costly as the power stations have outlived their lifespan and need outright replacement. Although rehabilitation is being done, it is done piecemeal due to funding problems. As a result refurbishment is done only for critical components of the generator units while refurbishment of some ancillary equipment is ignored. This results in frequent breakdowns of generators and power disruptions. 4. 6 Imports- Zimbabwe currently imports about 35% of its electricity requirements from the Southern African region. There are some firm import contracts that exist with Hydro Cahorra Bassa(HCB) of Mozambique and Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation(ZESCO). However, when the shortfall is huge, ZETDC goes on the spot market to import more electricity. Importation of electricity has its shortcomings as excess power may not be available if ZESCO and HCB experience shortages of power. Availability of power on the spot market depends on the availability of excess power in countries that sell power on the market. If there are technical problems with interconnectors that are used to transmit power, the country will not be able to access power imports. 4. 7 Load shedding up to 700MW load shed during peak periods. Load shedding is the last resort used to balance available capacity and demand. When demand outstrips supply and the shortfall is too huge, ZETDC has no option but to switch off some customers in order to balance supply and demand. This option is the last option that employed by ZETDC. It has its own shortcomings as it adversely affects production in industry. Short to medium term measures will enable Zimbabwe to have adequate power for its needs and would not need to import power as its internal resources would be adequate, as shown on the table below. | 2011 | 2012| 2013| 2014| 2015| 2016 | Demand projections | 2100 MW| 2,200 MW| 2,267 MW| 2,430 MW| 2,585 MW| 2659 MW| Net Imports | 100 MW| 100 MW| 100 MW| 100 MW| 0 | 0 | DSM Savings | 0 | 100 MW| 220 MW| 255 MW| 255 MW| 255 MW| Available Generation Capacity (inclusive of DSM) | 1400 MW| 1640 MW| 1870 MW| 2275 MW| 2635 MW| 3235 MW| Shortfall to be met by imports | 600 MW| 560 MW| 397 MW| 55 MW| | | Surplus| | | | | 50MW| 576MW| SOURCE : Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company The table above shows that ZETDC can employ the above-given measures to match available capacity and demand without having to develop new power stations up to the year 2014. From 2015, planned projects of expansion of Hwange and Kariba Power Stations will come on stream and add 900MW to the grid. The country will then have surplus power as indicated in the last two columns for 2015 and 2016. Ordinarily, surplus power is required to ensure that reserves are maintained o as to ensure that supply is maintained in the event unplanned events when a generator comes out of service due to external causes or technical fault. However, this is not possible with ZETDC, given the power deficit that already exists. 4. LONG-TERM MEASURES TO BALANCE SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF POWER Give the shortcomings of the above-given various ways of reconciling capacity and demand, a lasting solution that would match capacity and demand would be to d evelop new projects, which are as follows :- * Sengwa Thermal Power Station(1400MW) * Batoka Hydro Power Station(800MW) Coal-bed Methane Gas Fired Power Station ( 470 MW) * Conho Hydro Power Station (100MW) Development of these projects also has its problems as it would require a lot of financial resources, amounting to billions of dollars, which the country does not have. Development of all these projects would also have the effect of creating excess capacity, which could lead to redundancy of some power stations if there is no uptake in the Southern African region of the extra electricity produced. Other countries in the region are also developing power stations and they intend to export excess power. The market for the electricity may not be available as each country in the region may have attained self-sufficiency in terms of local power production. Demand is driven by economic growth. As the economy grows and the productive sector expands, demand of electricity also rises. Projections are made to establish future electricity needs based on growth rates of the economy and these determine the projects to be implemented in future. 5. CONCLUSION The above analysis shows that that there are various measures of reconciling capacity and demand in the electricity industry, but the measures can only be implemented in the short term. In the long term, new power projects are required. References 1. Collins Dictionary 2. http://encyclopedia2. thefreedictionary. com The Free Dictionary by Farlex 3. https://power2switch. com/glossary 4. Norconsult ZESA Holdings Report on Zimbabwe Power System Development Plan, Prioritising the Critical Actions for the Development of the Zimbabwe Power System Final Report , December 2010 5. www. energy. gov. zw 6. www://investopedia. com) 7. www. sapp. co. zw

The Sea People of Sulu

The Sea People of Sulu This paper will examine the lives of a small group of boat dwellers of the Philippine nation. These unusual people are found scattered abroad the insular Southeast Asia. The data for this book was collected over a twenty-four month period of field research among the Bajau, specifically with the Bajau of southern Sulu. There are only a few of these boat dwellers left within the Mergui Islands, Celebes and Sulu. This book covers, in-depth, the Tawi-Tawi Island group and the Sibutu Island group. The Sibutu Island group is found twenty miles southwest of Tawi-Tawi. These groups have been depicted as wanderers because of their movements over time. There will be some insight into this untrue notion. The Sibutu Island group has left their boats to build homes on land. These people still use boats for fishing but now prefer to live on land rather than the sea. This paper will attempt to go over these changes that the boat dwellers have faced and are facing that have made t! hem more partial to dwelling on land. This paper will also give some insight on the similarities and differences between the boat dwellers and the land dwellers. These similarities and differences include their way of life, modes of subsistence, social and political structure, roles of women, religion, kinship system and their relations with each other as well as the other moorages. There are five different moorages that are recognized by the Bajau. The Bajau represent four percent of the Tawi-Tawi population. The boat-dwelling Bajaus household consists of a nuclear family. If a nuclear family is broken a person is added to make up for the loss. This could entail the head of the household dying and another man comes into to take his place or it could be a family adopting a child to fill the gap. In a turnabout, if a family has to many children than they can afford to take care of or if th...

How to Find the Aries Constellation

How to Find the Aries Constellation The Aries constellation, one of the oldest-known star patterns, is located right next to the constellation Taurus. Discover how to find Aries and its fascinating deep-sky objects during your next sky-gazing session. Finding Aries Aries is most visible in the month of November. To find Aries, look for a crooked line of three bright stars not too far from the Pleiades star cluster. The stars of Aries lie along the zodiac, the path the Sun and planets appear to follow across the sky during the year. The stars of Aries, plus a galaxy challenge. Carolyn Collins Petersen   History of Aries The name Aries is the Latin word for ram. In the constellation Aries, two stars make up the points of a rams horn. However, this constellation has had a wide range of different interpretations throughout history. The sky pattern was associated with a farmhand in ancient Babylon, a porpoise in the South Pacific, a pair of bureaucrats there in ancient China, and the god Amon-Ra in ancient Egypt. Aries and Meteor Showers Avid skywatchers know Aries from the meteor showers that bear its name and appear to radiate from the constellation at different times throughout the year, including: Delta Arietids (between December 8 and January 2)Autumn Arietids (between September 7 and October 27)Epsilon Arietids (between October 12 and 23)Daytime Arietids (between May 22 and July 2) All of these outbursts of meteors are associated with the material left behind by comets as they make their way around the Sun. Earths orbit intersects the comets paths, and as a result they appear to flow from the constellation Aries.   The official IAU constellation chart for Aries. IAU/Sky Publishing   The Stars of Aries The three brightest stars of Aries constellation are officially called alpha, beta, and gamma Arietis. Their nicknames are Hamal, Sharatan, and Mesarthim, respectively. Hamal is an orange giant star and lies about 66 light-years from Earth. Its about 91 times brighter than our Sun and is around 3.5 billion years old.   Sharatan is a fairly young star, slightly  more massive than the Sun and about a third brighter than our star. It lies nearly 60 light-years away from us. It also has a companion star that is much dimmer and orbits at a distance that still hasnt been determined.   Mesarthim is also a binary star and lies about 165 light-years away from the Sun. There other, fainter stars in Aries, too. For example, 53 Arietis is a runaway star that was violently ejected from the Orion Nebula (at the heart of the constellation Orion) in its youth. Astronomers suspect that a nearby supernova explosion sent this star on its way across space. Aries also has a few stars that are orbited by extrasolar planets.   Deep-sky Objects in Aries Aries contains several deep-sky objects that can be discovered through binoculars or a small telescope. The spiral galaxy NGC 772 in Aries. Adam Block/Mount Lemmon Skycenter/University of Arizona. CC-BY-SA 3.0   Perhaps the most interesting is the spiral galaxy NGC 772, which lies south of Mesarthim, and its companion galaxy, NGC 770. Astronomers refer to NGC 772 as a peculiar galaxy because it appears to have some structures not always seen in regular spiral galaxies. Its a star-forming galaxy and lies about 130 million light-years away.  Its very likely that its interesting shape (with one very bright blue arm prominently displayed) is due to an interaction with its companion. A few other very distant and dim galaxies are scattered throughout Aries, including NGC 821 and Segue 2, which is actually a companion galaxy to the Milky Way.

Film Schindler's List Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Film Schindler's List - Movie Review Example chindler' Lit i not jut a biography of Okar chindler, but it i the tory of how good can overcome evil and how charity can overcome greed. (Paldiel, 2007) chindler' Lit begin with the early life of Okar chindler. The novel decribe hi early family life in the Autro-Hungarian Empire, and hi adolecence in the newly created tate of Czecholovakia. It tell of hi relationhip with hi father, and how hi father left hi mother. Hi mother i alo decribed in great detail. Like many German in the outh, he wa a devout Catholic. he i decribed a being very troubled that her on would take after her etranged huband with hi negligence of Catholicim. Okar never forgave Han, hi father, for hi abandonment of hi mother , which i ironic conidering that Okar would do the ame with hi wife Emilie. In fact Han and Okar chindler' live would become o much in parallel that the novel decribe their relationhip a "that of brother eparated by the accident of paternity." Okar' relationhip with Emilie i alo decribed in detail a i their marriage. The heart of the novel begin in October 1939 when Okar chindler come to the Polih city of Cracow. It ha been ix week ince the Ger man' took the city, and chindler ee great opportunity a any entrepreneur would. For chindler, Cracow repreent a place of unlimited poibilitie becaue of the current economic diorder and cheap labor. Upon hi arrival in Cracow he meet Itzak tern, a Jewih bookkeeper. chindler i very impreed with tern becaue of hi buine prowe and hi connection in the buine community. oon chindler and tern are on their way to the creation of a factory that would run on Jewih labor. Around thi time, the perecution of the Jew of Poland begin with their forced relocation into ghettoe. Thi turn out to be timely for chindler a now he i able to get very cheap labor. (Fench, 1995) The next few year would go well for chindler and hi factory for they turned a great profit. In fact he made o much money that he i quoted a aying, "I've made more money than I could poibly pend in a lifetime." Hi worker were alo very happy. Thi i becaue "chindler' Jew" were treated a human a oppoed to being treated a animal. For them, working in chindler' factory wa an ecape from the ghetto and from much German cruelty. They loved chindler o much that hi factory became known a a haven throughout the Jewih community. However, thing began to go our for chindler, when the German ordered the liquidation of the ghettoe. oon all of the Jew in the Cracow ghetto were relocated to the Plazow labor camp. By thi time chindler had grown o affectionate toward hi Jewih worker that he refued to hire Pole, and intead ought of a way to keep uing the Jew that he had grown o accutomed to. A the Cracow Jew were relocated to the Plazow labor camp, Okar chindler came into direct dealing with the camp' dir ector, Amon Goeth. He did not like Amon, but he tried to get in on hi bet ide in order to keep uing hi Jew in hi factory. Amon agreed to let chindler ue them, and thu aving hi Jew from ome of the harhne of the Plazow labor camp. A the war began to go badly for the German, they decided to accelerate their "final olution" by ending the Jew to more initer concentration camp uch a Auchwitz. Thi i when Okar chindler finally come to the realization that he had the power to help hi people. (Yule, 1997) The now enlightened chindler decide to ue hi entire fortune to

Environmental policies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Environmental policies - Research Paper Example On the other hand, the rule of Mao was succeeded by a period of first even more massive suffering but also later the unprecedented turnaround in the economy with a formerly agricultural and inward-looking country economy reversing its trajectory and coming to grow into four times what it was during the time of Mao to what it ended up becoming by the turn of the new millennium. Living standards skyrocketed, and China's economic boom resulted in the creation of a large middle class who consumed products that were in line with the rapidly rising incomes of the new rich: cars and the other symbols of wealth. This in turn has led to problems with the environment, as the economic growth spurred the consumption of oil and coal to power industries that manufactured goods for the rest of the world and to power domestic consumption as well. Other manufacturing-related processes also bred other forms of toxins to the environment as well as razed some vital ecologies into the ground in the name of progress and consumption as well. A telling set of statistics on the role that China plays in the global ecology versus economic equation is that it leads the world both in the production and consumption of energy, and that out of its total energy requirements,two-thirds are supplied by fossil fuels, with a substantial portion likewise supplied by nuclear power plants. These two power sources have implications for the state of the world ecology and for the sustainability of energy generation policies relative to the environment (Central Intelligence Agency). Taking a step back, the prominent role of China in the world economy and in the way their activities impact the environment have not gone unnoticed and have attracted the intense scrutiny of those who are natural stakeholders in the state of the world ecology and the environment, and that this intense scrutiny has provided a growing body of literature on the environmental policies of China. From the state of the nation's soil s and water supplies, to the examination of how China's environmental policies have attracted investments in their laxness, to aspects of policy relating to the environment versus the rise of cities, it is clear from the academic research that the concern over the environment in China is intense and far-reaching (Wei and Yang; Dean, Lovely and Wang; Vennemo et al.. Hubacek et al.). The consensus, even inside China and among China's ruling elite, is that current environmental policies and economic activities are harming China's future and are jeopardizing prospects for a sustainable future for the country, with the state of the environment characterized by rising levels of pollution that have implications for larger realities like climate change and the very viability of the way of life of the Chinese, and the long-term health prospects of its citizens (Volcovici, Grumbine; Friedman; Phillips; Duggan; Biello; The Economist Newspaper Limited; TV Novosti). II. Environmental Policies in

Language & Gender Essay Example for Free

Language Gender Essay

MIS :: Electronic information

Electronic information is essential to the achievement of government organizational objectives. Its reliability, integrity, and availability are significant concerns in most audits. The use of computer networks, particularly the Internet, is revolutionizing the way government conducts business. While the benefits have been enormous and vast amounts of information are now literally at our fingertips, these interconnections also pose significant risks to computer systems, information, and to the critical operations and infrastructures they support. Infrastructure elements such as telecommunications, power distribution, national defense, law enforcement, and government and emergency services are subject to these risks. The same factors that benefit operationsÂâ€"speed and accessibilityÂâ€"if not properly controlled, can leave them vulnerable to fraud, sabotage, and malicious or mischievous acts. In addition, natural disasters and inadvertent errors by authorized computer users can have devastating consequences if information resources are poorly protected. Recent publicized disruptions caused by virus, worm, and denial of service attacks on both commercial and governmental Web sites illustrate the potential for damage. Computer security is of increasing importance to all levels of government in minimizing the risk of malicious attacks from individuals and groups. These risks include the fraudulent loss or misuse of government resources, unauthorized access to release of sensitive information such as tax and medical records, disruption of critical operations through viruses or hacker attacks, and modification or destruction of data. The risk that information attacks will threaten vital national interests increases with the following developments in information technology: • Monies are increasingly transferred electronically between and among governmental agencies, commercial enterprises, and individuals. • Governments are rapidly expanding their use of electronic commerce. • National defense and intelligence communities increasingly rely on commercially available information technology. • Public utilities and telecommunications increasingly rely on computer systems to manage everyday operations. • More and more sensitive economic and commercial information is exchanged electronically. • Computer systems are rapidly increasing in complexity and interconnectivity. • Easy-to-use hacker tools are readily available, and hacker activity is increasing. • Paper supporting documents are being reduced or eliminated. Each of these factors significantly increases the need for ensuring the privacy, security, and availability of state and local government systems. Although as many as 80 percent of security breaches are probably never reported, the number of reported incidents is growing dramatically. For example, the number of incidents handled by Carnegie-Mellon University's CERT Coordination Center1 has multiplied over 86 times since 1990,2 rising from 252 in 1990 to 21,756 in 2000. Further, the Center has handled over 34,000 incidents during the first three quarters of 2001. Similarly, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) reports that its case load of

Does the Internet Have a Negative Effect on Youth or Does Its Use Need to Be Monitored More Essay

Does the internet have a negative effect on youth or does its use need to be monitored more? The Internet has become a major part of everyday life for most Americans especially today’s youth but some say that internet has a negative effect on youth more than a positive one. The question is: are all of the effects of the internet negative? The internet is used by most youth for entertainment, to find information and to connect with people. Unfortunately while the internet can be useful it has been known to cause negative effects on children. Social networking sites are very popular among today’s youth. In recent years cyber bullying has become a trend among youth because of the internet. There are also cases that youth have been exposed to inappropriate websites while on the internet and it had a negative effect on them. The internet has been known to cause a negative effect on youth but it can be prevented if their internet use is monitored. Social networking websites that are popular on the internet Twitter, MySpace, face book and YouTube. It is said by some t hat youth spend more time on websites like these than studying and doing their homework. While most of the young people in the study got good grades, 47 percent of the heaviest media users, those who consumed at least 16 hours a day, had mostly C’s or lower, compared with 23 percent of those who typically consumed media three hours a day or less (New York Times). Some youth can spend all day on social networking sites. Often times social networking sites can also become a distraction to youth. Most youth would much rather get on face book or twitter than study or write a paper. Most of the time youth can begin writing a paper but end up spending hours on face book. Social networking sites also have been known to cause children to be kidnapped or raped. Because of the amount of information that can be put on these sites it is easy for them to be tracked. There have also been cases where youth have chatted someone under the impression that they were someone else. There have been several cases where children have been harmed because someone found them on social netwo rking site. This can only be prevented if youth internet is monitored. So it seems that social networking sites can only have a negative effect if the time they spend on social networks is not being monitored correctly. Cyber bullying is another negative effect from the internet. Cyber bullying is using the Internet to  send or post texts or images intended to hurt or embarrass another person. It has been said that forty-three percent of teens have been victimized by cyber-bullying in the last year (ncpc.org).Cyber-bullying is a result of youth being mad at another peer or just trying to have fun. Cyber-bullying has been said to cause depression and sometimes even suicide among youth. It has become a major problem among youth in recent years. A lot of the time cyber bullying takes place on sites like twitter, face book and sometimes even YouTube. There have been cases all over the news where youth have said that they became depressed because of cyber-bullying.Most youth who have participated in cyber bullying thought that it was funny and not realized that it would have a negative effect on the victim. There have been steps taken to try to prevent cyber-bullying but there are still some cases where it is still happening. Cyber-bullying can be prevented if t he internet use is being monitored. Almost eighty percent of teens said they did not have rules for the internet or that it was not monitored. While browsing the internet the youth can be exposed to a lot of inappropriate websites that most would agree they shouldn’t be exposed to. Twenty five percent of youth had unwanted exposure to sexual pictures on the internet in the past year, challenging the prevalent assumption that the problem is primarily about young people motivated to actively seek out pornography according to youth and society (Protectkids.com).One quarter of these youth were upset by being exposed to pornography. In other cases when youth are exposed to pornography they become interested and begin watching it regularly. According to one study, when youth under fourteen years of age are exposed to pornography it is related to greater involvement in deviant sexual practice, particularly rape (protectkids.com). It has also been said that because pornography encourages sexual expression without responsibility it endangers children’s health. If a child were to see porn he/she may think that is okay to have unprotected sex which could then lead to std’s and unplanned pregnancy( protectkids,com ). Although porn can and has had negative effects on children it has been said that porn does not always have negative effects on children. Some children are exposed and it has no effect at all. In the end it seems that it may depend on the child if it has a negative effect or not. It also seems that the only way that this can be prevented is if their internet use is monitored. There are strategies that  can be taken to do this (Council). It seems to be proven that the internet can in fact have a negative effect on youth. Social networking sites can cause youth grades to drop. Cyber-bullying mostly takes place on the internet and it cause youth to become depressed. Youth can be exposed to several inappropriate websites which can damage their future development. The internet can be a very useful tool for youth to have access to but it can also have a very negative impact on youth if it is not monitored correctly. To ensure that the internet does not harm our youth in negative way parents/guardians must monitor their children’s internet use.

Child Marriage in India

To be defined at length in a later section, child marriage is most simply, for our purposes, a marriage in which the wife is below the age of eighteen at the time of consummation. The practice of child marriage in rural India is deeply rooted in cultural values and grounded in social structures. And despite laws that prohibit child marriage, the practice is still extremely prevalent in many regions. Though the statistics are contentious, it is estimated that in some parts of India, like the state of Rajasthan, nearly 80 percent of the marriages are among girls under the age of fifteen† (Gupta, 2005, p. ). In India overall, roughly 47. 6 percent of girls are married by the age of eighteen (The implications of early marriage, 2004). Despite international human rights efforts, the eradication of child marriage is greatly hindered by the intertwined social issues that often lead to and are then in turn reinforced by the practice. Various underlying social factors inform why child marriage exists, including: traditional gender norms; the value of virginity and parental concerns surrounding premarital sex; pressure of marriage transactions (or dowries); and poverty (Amin, Chong, & Haberland, 2007). The social outcomes of child marriage are also significant, and often devastate communities in which these practices take place. Societies in which child marriage takes place have higher rates of early childbearing, unwanted pregnancies, maternal and infant mortality, sexually transmitted diseases (including HIV/AIDS) and unsafe abortions. Additionally, adolescent girls placed in child marriages are often deprived of basic health care and health information, and achieve extremely low educational attainment (Mathur, Greene, & Malhotra, 2003, p. – 11; Bruce, 2007; Amin, Chong, & Haberland, 2007). Apart from these health and societal consequences, such marriages also affect girls’ individual experience as social actors. Early marriage negatively affects girls’ social networks, decision-making power, and ability to negotiate with partners—all of which do influence the health and well being of the individual (Bruce, 2007). In many ways, the social issues that emerge from the practice of child marriage also serve to reinforce it—creating a vicious cycle. This cyclical pattern is just one reason why the practice has yet to be eradicated despite international pressure and legal interventions. Each of the problems that informs child marriage intersects in complex ways and the result is an incessant and engrossing problem that impacts all aspects of the social worlds in which it takes place, from the well-being of the individual girls to the economic, political, and cultural structures of general Indian society. What is most urgent about child marriages in India, however, is the relationship between child marriage and the increasingly severe Indian HIV epidemic. The rates of HIV in India are a topic of great debate between the Indian government and both Indian and International NGOs. Yet, there is a consensus that HIV, once an urban phenomenon in India that was primarily transmitted within high-risk populations is now gaining momentum in rural areas (â€Å"Fears Over India,† 2005). These trends are alarming and suggest that the cultural contexts in which these HIV rates are climbing need to be addressed. Additionally, recent research has found links between HIV and early marriage in communities across the globe. †¦[T]he majority of sexually active girls age 15-19 in developing countries are married, and married adolescent girls tend to have higher rates of HIV infection than their sexually active, unmarried peers† (The implications of early marriage, 2004, p. 1; Clark, Bruce, & Dude, 2006, p. 79). HIV/AIDS in India The Indian HIV/AIDS epidemic is relatively new, and, once limited to high-risk urban populations, HIV is rapidly emerging as a problem for general communities within Indian society (â€Å"Fears Over India,† 2005). HIV/AIDS is becoming widespread, and as it reaches new populations, it poses new problems. As child marriage is fundamentally a rural phenomenon in India, the particular plight of HIV in rural areas must be discussed. Issues like how to educate and provide treatment for people in poor, rural areas are emerging, and new cultural pockets of Indian society must be understood in order to more effectively implement these programs. Though contentious, recent figures estimate that roughly 2-3. 6 million people in India are infected with HIV. This places India third worldwide for the number of HIV cases within a country. â€Å"Overall, 0. 36% of India’s population is living with HIV. † While this may seem low, given the vast population of India, the actual number of people who are HIV-positive is remarkably high (Overview of HIV/AIDS, 2008). And in Rajasthan, the largely rural state in which the project will be conducted, it is believed that there is a prevalence of nearly 5%–extremely high for India (â€Å"AIDS in India,† n/d). Many who work in the health sector claim that they are witnessing a rapid rise in infections to new populations. Sujatha Rao, director-general of the government’s National AIDS Control Organisation, says doctors are increasingly seeing women infected by their husbands,† a population typically not targeted by reproductive health programs (â€Å"Vast Distances a Barrier,† 2008; Santhya & Jejeebhoy, â€Å"Early Marriage,† 2007). There is also evidence that knowledge of HIV is extremely low in the rural areas where the study will be conducted, particularly among women. The National Family Health Survey reports that only 19% of ever-married rural Rajasthani women aged 15-49 had ever heard of AIDS, compared to 65% of their male counterpart. Aside from the gender discrepancy of knowledge across India, however, a rural/urban dichotomy was especially pronounced among women (2005-2006 National Family-Rajasthan; 2005-2006 National Family-India). This lack of knowledge unsurprisingly also appears to influence behavior. Among currently married rural women, aged 15-49, only 38% used any â€Å"modern method† of family planning, compared to 55. 8% of their urban counterparts. More importantly, only 3. 1% of married rural women have used a condom (the only method in the analysis that would protect against HIV), compared to 13. 3% of urban married women. Furthermore, only 14. % of ever-married rural women (ages 15-49) knew that consistent condom use can reduce the changes of HIV/AIDS, in comparison to 61. 6% of their urban counterparts (2005-2006 National Family-Rajasthan; 2005-2006 National Family-India). A recent New York Times article reports that the rural problem of HIV is made more pronounced by the difficulties that HIV-positive people in rural communities face when attempting to get tested and treated. Many patients travel long distances each month to receive government-sponsored antiretrovirals, but the cost and time required for such a journey is difficult for many to achieve. In consequence, many patients simply give up on treatment, â€Å"an anathema in HIV therapy as it gives rise to drug resistance. † One doctor notes, â€Å"Travel can affect drug compliance. Patients who don’t get family support, women who may not like to travel along will just give up† (â€Å"Vast Distances a Barrier,† 2008). Child Marriage For the purposes of our discussion, child marriage is identified as a marriage that takes place before â€Å"exact age 18†Ã¢â‚¬â€a definition adhered to by UNICEF and other international organizations (Bruce, 2007). This definition is at odds with the definition provided by India’s recent Prevention of Child Marriage Bill, which states that a â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢child’ [is] a person who, if a male, has not completed twenty-one years of age, and if a female, has not complete eighteen years of age† (The Prevention of Child Marriage Bill, 2004). While this discrepancy will be analyzed further below, given that eighteen is largely considered the age of consent, it is this standard to which our definition will be held. It should be noted that the betrothal of a marriage can happen at any time, and often will occur at birth. But that marriage is not defined as a child marriage unless the wife is given to her spousal family, and the marriage is consummated, before she reaches the age of eighteen. Furthermore, as most child marriages take place among girls who are minors, with male partners who are of age, whenever the term â€Å"child marriage† is used in this project, it is referring to a marriage that involves a female child. Child marriage has not been ignored by Indian or international policymakers, yet enforcement of these laws has been virtually impossible. The Indian government is often portrayed as uncomfortable when dealing with personal laws within distinct communities that are not derived from grassroots movements (Burns, 1998; Yadav, 2006, p. 7). Despite this, laws have been on the books for over a decade. In 1994, a Marriage Bill was introduced which â€Å"recommended†¦the enactment of a uniform law relating to marriages and [provided] for the compulsory registration of marriages, with the aim of preventing child marriages and also polygamy in society. † Yet, this law did not pass and in Rajasthan, to this day, there is no compulsory marriage registration (Yadav, 2006, p. 0). This legislation has been preceded by various attempts to limit the practice and legislate the age at which girls are married. In the 1880s, discussions of the first Age of Consent Bill began, and finally, in 1927, it was declared that marriages with a girl under twelve would be invalid. In 1929, India began to prohibit the practice of all child marriage by instituting the Child Marriage Restraint Act. In 1978, the Child Marriage Restraint Act was amended to â€Å"prescribe eighteen and twenty-one years as the age of marriage for a girl and boy respectively† (Yadav, 2006, p. 7). Due to the illegality of child marriage, the number of girls who are put into child marriage in Rajasthan is extremely difficult to know. And particularly due to differing definition employed by researches, no consensus yet exists among those who have tried to obtain a number. Researchers claim that, in Rajasthan, the number of girls married off before age eighteen is somewhere between 55. 5% and 80% and other researchers estimate that roughly 56% of Rajasthani marriages occur with girls under the age of fifteen (Yadav, 2006, pl. 10; Burns, 1998). Therefore, there is overwhelming evidence that child marriage is occurring in Rajasthan in large numbers, despite the laws against it. Why is child marriage occurring? What social, cultural, and economic contexts inform the persistence of this practice? Some assert that Rajasthani people either do not understand the law or simply ignore it (Yadav, 2006, p. 37). In a New York Times article outlining the practice of child marriage in Rajasthan, it was stated that â€Å"Each year, formal warnings are posted outside state government offices stating that child marriages are illegal, but they have little impact. In a discussion with a village elder in Rajasthan, the elder stated, â€Å"Of course, we know that marrying children is against the law, but it’s only a paper law† (Burns, 1998). Therefore, he suggests that the law is perceived as unimportant, allowing families to simply ignore it, and often without penalty. Additionally, cultural and social contexts still highly value this practice and Indian families often turn to child marriage to help cope with social conditions in disrepair. To approach this, I will first discuss the gender norms in India. How are women perceived? What are the practical implications of these norms? Secondly, I will discuss the value placed on virginity and understandings of premarital sex. Thirdly, I will discuss the economic factors that continue to promote the practice. And finally, I will briefly discuss the major consequences of child marriage, which will move us into a discussion of the links between child marriage and HIV. Child marriage is deeply embedded in ideals about the role of women and the status of girls in Indian culture (Gupta, 2005, p. 3). Understandings of the Indian family and a wife’s role more generally give huge amounts of insight to the status of women. Within the context of a patrilocal family ideology, girls are â€Å"reared to be obedient, selfsacrificing, modest, nurturant, hardworking and home loving. † In an interview with Seymour in the 1960s, â€Å"†¦one Indian gentleman expressed†¦, ‘American girls are given too much independence. A girl should marry young, before she has the chance to develop independent ideals. † By marrying girls young (and enhancing the disparity between her and her husband’s age), the male-based hierarchy is best preserved (Seymour, 1999, p. 55). Males are quite simply valued more in Indian families. They act as the head of the household, the breadwinners and the decision makers. These values are imbued from an early age and as the transition to adulthood is marked with marriage, these gender norms become particularly pronounced (Segal, 1999, p. 216; Gupta, 2005, p. 1; Yadav, 2006, p. 1; Seymour, 1999, p. 97). A woman’s primary role in the home is to produce sons, as this will bring honor to her family, and an heir for her husband. â€Å"In a society that stresses patrilineal descent, to bear children, especially sons, is critical, and girls learn from an early age that this is their responsibility† (Seymour, 1999, p. 7). Motherhood is additionally critical in order to establish the wife as a member of her husband’s family. As Indian families take collective care of children, producing a new family member is heavily prized and brings the newlywed status (Seymour, 1999, p. 99). How do women feel about their status and role in society? Seymour writes that, â€Å"Women are the moving pieces in an exchange system that creates extensive webs of kinship. Is this a hardship for them? Yes, for they must leave the security of their own family and join a different family. Do they find it oppressive? Sometimes, but not generally† (Seymour, 1999, p. xvi). Though others argue that â€Å"cultural dictation of female role and lack of continued financial and emotional support, predominantly from spouses and other family members, were influential factors in [high rates of depression among women]† (Jambunathan, 1992). The low value of girls is also reflected in traditions of female infanticide and abortions of female children and research that shows that women are by and large â€Å"neglected† by Indian society, resulting in poor health care and a high number of preventable deaths (Miller, 1981, p. 8; Segal, 1999, p. 218-220). In one survey, 52% of Indians said that they would get a prenatal diagnosis to select a male, as opposed to 30% who would in Brazil, 29% in Greece and 20% in Turkey (Segal, 1999, p. 219). These patterns have resulted in a worsening sex ratio in Rajasthan. It is estimated that between 750 to 850 girls are born per 1000 boys, a problem that not only reinforces these negative ideals about gender, but also could potentially be devastating to the longevity of Indian communities (Indian Census, 2001; Kristof, 1991). An Indian obstetrician interviewed for The Hindu stated that these days, it is extremely rare to see a family with two daughters, and some families do not even have one. In communities like Rajasthan, â€Å"people want to pretend they are modern and that they do not discriminate between a girl and a boy. Yet, they will not hesitate to quietly go to the next village and get an ultrasound done† (Thapar, 2007). And in a statement by UNICEF, the organization â€Å"†¦[says] that for most of the female fetuses that survive, ‘birth is the only equal opportunity they will ever get’† (Segal, 1999, p. 20). Additionally, child marriage is greatly informed by ideals of virginity—a cultural notion that has huge impacts on the intersections between HIV/AIDS and child marriage. â€Å"An unmarried, chaste girl symbolizes family honor and purity and is considered a sacred gift to bestow upon another family† (Seymour, 1999, p. 55). To exacerbate the outcome of these ideals, myths supposedly abound that men can be cured of various diseases, including gonorrhea, mental illness, syphilis and HIV by having sex with a â€Å"fresh† girl, a virgin. Bhat, Send, & Pradhan, 2005, p. 17; Burns, 1998) But as much as cultural ideals are echoed in the practice, â€Å"tradition has been reinforced by necessity† (Burns, 1998). Poverty is often cited as one of the major factors contributing to child marriage (Bhat, Sen, & Pradhan, 2005, p. 15). â€Å"Child marriage is more prevalent in poor household and in poor communities. Almost all countries in which more than 50 percent of gir ls are married before the age of 18 have GDP per capita under $2000 per year† (Gupta, 2005, p. 3). For families in poverty, marrying a daughter early can mean lower dowry payments and one less mouth to feed (Bhat, Sen, & Pradhan, 2005, p. 16). â€Å"An investment in girls is seen as a lost investment because the girl leaves to join another home and her economic contributions are to that home—so the earlier she is married, the less of a loss the investment† (Gupta, 2005, p. 3). What is devastating about the child marriage problem, beyond the human rights abuses, is the way in which it impacts both the individual and the community and the manner in which the practice reinforces itself. Impoverished parents often believe that child marriage will protect their daughters. In fact, however, it results in lost development opportunities, limited life options, and poor health† (Child marriage fact sheet, 2005). Child marriage continues to be immersed in a vicious cycle of poverty, low educational attainment, high incidences of disease, poor sex ratios, the subordination of women, â€Å"and most significantly, the inter-generational cycles of all of these† (Bhat, Sen, & Pradhan, 2005, p. 21; Gupta, p. 1-2).

The Carol Ann Duffy Essay Example

The Carol Ann Duffy Essay Example The Carol Ann Duffy Paper The Carol Ann Duffy Paper Essay Topic: Carol ann Duffy Poems Carol Ann Duffy is a poet who characterizes her written poetry through carefully channelled dramatic monologues. Through her work, many themes and issues are explored, including that of loss, love, adolescence, change and being misplaced. Her propositions in this poetry are not to create a mystique or confusion, but to communicate through the usage of various personas and portray the thoughts and feelings typical to that character. In this essay, I will look at two specific poems: The Dolphins and Comprehensive. They both include elements of misplacement, which is arguably the key theme to both. I will analyze this theme in particular, exploring how Duffy creates the semblance of the character and the techniques that are employed in her poems. In The Dolphins, we are introduced to an enclosed persona of which freedom has been curtailed. The poem is spoken from the point of view of a dolphin, which has been incarcerated in an aquatic centre accompanied by others of its species. The second line claims We are in our element but we are not free, meaning the conditions in which they reside (obviously being water) are familiar, however, their habitat (the aquarium) does not allow the unrestraint found in an ocean, where they rightfully belong. There is a man and there are hoops confirms to the reader that the dolphins are being circus trained in order to satisfy audiences, further supported in the third verse with the line There is a coloured ball we have to balance till the man has disappeared. In reality, this tells us that dolphins have emotions too, that they would rather be placed back in the sea than spend the rest of their lives performing in front of people, and the man, who the dolphins monologue seems to attract an aspect of resentment toward. However, it may have taken the dolphins some time to initially identify their limited surroundings an idea revealed in the second verse: After travelling such space for days we began to translate is a sad twist of dramatic irony; people could see the marine mammals had been enclosed, yet it took themselves a while to realize that this was not an ocean, and that the space no longer stretched beyond horizons. To continue the irony, the last sentence of the first verse states that There is a constant flowing guilt, as the people working alongside the dolphins of the aquarium may feel conscious at withdrawing the freedom of such a creature, and flowing is used as a metaphor linking to the water in which they swim. This technique draws a defeated sympathy from the reader, as there is little they can do to set these dolphins free. The Dolphins ends with a devastating statement on behalf of the imprisoned There is a man and our mind knows we will die here. These dolphins will never have the God given privilege to roam the outside world again, and are resigned to becoming the focal point of public enjoyment. The poem, to a marginal degree, could also raise the argument of animal rights, depending on the interpretation of the person. The thought of staying in one place for such a long time for anyone would be highly constraining at the very least, and so to take a living being out of water for cheap entertainment provokes the question of whether such activity should even be legal. The poem explores the theme of misplacement through resigned emotion. The flexibility of freedom is valuable to the quality of life, and the dolphins persona seems to understand this very clearly. The beginning of the third verse mourns And now we are no longer blessed, for the world will not deepen to dream in, and conveys its regret that they will no longer do as they please, that they are no longer blessed. The pool in which they stay will not expand its depths for the dolphins to cover new ground, and the line also metaphorically suggests that their dreams of independence are over in these shallow depths. The poem also displays the loss of hope through means of repetition. There is is a common phrase which appears in the poem on several occasions (There is a constant flowing guilt, coloured ball, no hope, amongst others) and this augments the effectiveness of the dolphins monologue, as a picture of their lives become clearer; as does the sorrowful tone.

ELLIS Surname Meaning and Family History

ELLIS Surname Meaning and Family History One of several popular names in medieval England derived from the Hebrew personal name Elijah, or the Greek Elias (Hebrew Eliyyahu),  meaning my God is Yahweh. In Old English the name was often spelled Elis or Elys. In Wales the Ellis surname derived from the Welsh personal name Elisedd, a derivative of elus, meaning kindly, benevolent. Surname Origin:  English, Welsh Alternate Surname Spellings: ELIS, ELYS, ELIES,  ELLISS, ELIX, ELICE, ELLICE, ELIAS, ELS, ELES, ALCE, ALES, ALIS, ALLACE, ALLES, ALLESS, ALLIS, ALLISS Famous People With the ELLIS Surname Albert Ellis - American psychologistAlton Ellis - Jamaican singer-songwriterNelsan Ellis - American theater and television actorPerry Ellis - American fashion designerC. P. (Claiborne Paul) Ellis -  American Ku Klux Klan leader turned civil rights activistDonald Johnson Don Ellis -  American jazz trumpeter, drummer, composer and bandleaderGeorge James Welbore Agar-Ellis - 1st Baron Dover; British politicianWilliam Ellis -  English  missionary and author Where Is the ELLIS  Last Name Most Common? Ellis, according to surname data from Forebears, is the 1,446th  most common surname in the world. It is most prevalent in the United States, where it ranks 113th, but it is used by a greater percentage of the population in Wales (45th), England (75th), and Jamaica (66th). Within Wales, the Ellis surname is found most frequently in the North, especially Flintshire (where it ranks 12th), Denbigshire (14th) and Caernarfonshire (16th). In England, it is most common in Devon (17th). WorldNames PublicProfiler has the Ellis surname as most commonly found in the United Kingdom, with the greatest numbers of individuals clustered in northern Wales and Yorkshire and Humberside, England. Genealogy Resources for the Surname ELLIS English Surname Meanings and OriginsUncover the meaning of your English last name with this guide to English surname meanings and origins. How to Research English  AncestryLearn how to research your English family tree with this guide to genealogical records in England and Wales, including birth, marriage, death, census, military and church records. Ellis Surname DNA ProjectA central site for individuals with the Ellis or variant surname  who want to participate in Family Tree DNA testing to learn about their Ellis ancestors and where and who they came from. Ellis  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as an Ellis  family crest or coat of arms for the Ellis surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. ELLIS Family Genealogy ForumFree message board is focused on descendants of Ellis ancestors around the world. FamilySearch - ELLIS  GenealogyExplore over 4.5  million  historical records which mention individuals with the Ellis surname, as well as online Ellis family trees on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ELLIS Surname Mailing ListFree mailing list for researchers of the Ellis surname and its variations includes subscription details and a searchable archives of past messages. GeneaNet - Ellis  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Ellis  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Ellis  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Ellis  from the website of Genealogy Today. References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. https://www.thoughtco.com/surname-meanings-and-origins-s2-1422408

Second topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Second topic - Essay Example A shift in population away from rural areas and into city areas appears to be one of the most common human behaviors in this situation, and there are many reasons why this is so. The consequences are not always positive for the people who migrate, however, and there is also an impact on those already in the cities who then have to share their urban environment with increasing numbers of immigrants. This paper explains the factors which drive this migration to cities, and enumerates the potential hazards which can arise in urban environments. The especial vulnerabilities of the poor in this situation are highlighted, along with a number of strategies which can be followed to improve the standard of living of the urban poor. This paper contends that the best strategy to address urban poverty is to invest in environmental infrastructure such as waste disposal, clean water provision, transport systems and renewable energy sources but that the detail of such a strategy will be different f or each major city in the world. . Third world countries traditionally have large proportion of people who make their living by subsistence farming. This is a hard and unpredictable way of life which wears people out and makes them dissatisfied. One important factor is the tendency of families to have many children, which ensures the security of the older generation in the short term, but creates an ever greater pressure on basic resources in the countryside like food, fuel, and water. This is what creates the so called ‘population problem’ of the third world. (Anand and Morduch, 1998) Over time it becomes harder and harder to maintain the large families and so people drift to the cities to find ways of supporting themselves and their relatives. Weather catastrophes, wars and competition for scarce resources also drive people out of rural environments and these can occur suddenly, encouraging rapid and chaotic immigration to cities. Additionally there are factors which pull people towards cities, such as the possibility of new employment opportunities, a steady wage and broader horizons for personal development. The lure of products and services from the developed world is also very powerful, but often the aspirations of the migrants are not met by the reality of urban poverty. The economic effects of migration to cities can be very severe, as for example when the number of workers in an area rises, the level of wages is driven in a downwards direction, and the overall poverty in the area for long-term urban dwellers and new arrivals increases. These demographic effects have a different effect on women than on men, with women often suffering a hidden burden because of the demand to bear children, and pressure to produce sons causing lower survival rates in girls. (Anand and Morduch, 1998) It is the men who are able to migrate and take up new possibilities in the cities while women and girls are confined to domestic roles and are less able to benef it economically and culturally. Empirical studies on megacities, defined as cities which have a population of at least 10 million in 2000, have shown that the poor are at risk from many hazards. (Cohen, 1993) Size in itself is not necessarily an impoverishing factor, since civilizations who possess appropriate technologies sustain wealthy megacities such as Tokyo and New York. In Mexico city, however, the expansion has

Branding Kony2012 case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Branding Kony2012 case study - Essay Example The main objective of this study is to answer the question how does self branding influence consumer behavior in relation to how they respond to advertisements. Successful branding occurs when a particular product, company name or symbol is easily identifiable and common among the target group to the extent that they relate to it. Successful brands influence consumer decisions in terms of what they wear, what they eat and what they associate themselves with (Fan, 2002). This is because of the role brand advertising plays in encouraging individuals to identify with a particular company and its brands. Different approaches are often employed by companies and organizations to bring out their messages to the masses through various media and try as much as possible to appeal to their emotions and impact on their actions and decisions regarding the brand. Each person has their own natural desire to express their own feelings and identify with the things they like. With this proposition in mind, companies have learned to position themselves and their brands in a manner that they can be relied upon by the people to express their character and identity (Fan, 2002). This research study aims at examining the reasons behind self branding and the impact it has had on consumer behavior across the globe. This study makes use of the ‘KONY 2012’ campaign as the main case study from which reliable observations can be drawn and analyzed. KONY 2012 is a short film produced by Invisible Children Inc to create awareness about Joseph Kony, an African militia and cult leader who is an international criminal and a fugitive of the International Criminal Court. By creating this awareness, the Invisible Children Inc would bring to light the atrocities committed by Joseph Kony in Central Africa in relation to kidnapping children and using them as child soldiers and sexual objects. The organization would then sensitize people to come together and stop Kony’s operations i n Central Africa and bring him to justice. The video achieved unprecedented success having had over 97 million views on the video sharing website, YouTube and over 21.9 thousand likes on Vimeo. The KONY 2012 short video has been dubbed as the most viral video clip of all time. The video was released to the internet on March 5th 2012. It is one of the most successful advertising campaigns ever and largely helped invisible Children to further its mission. At the end of the campaign, about 3.7 million people across the globe had identified with KONY 2012 and the company behind the campaign and about 3.7 million people pledged their support for the campaign by purchasing action kits sold by the company. From this case study, this research observes and identifies a powerful strategy deployed by advertisers to position their brand in a way that it can be used by people who want to express certain aspects of their identity through the brand. When KONY 2012 set out to establish their brand they began by grabbing the viewers attention with an emotionally gripping story directed by Jason Russell who introduced a boy name Jacob from Uganda, Africa. He describes what he went through when the rebel group L.R.A (Lord’s Resistance Army), lead by Joseph Kony, kidnapped him and like many other children, boys and girls are captured and forced into the rebel army to

U.S. HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U.S. HISTORY - Essay Example He went to Paris in 1919 to shape the Treaty of Versailles, the peace treaty which ended the World War 1 (Wikipedia, 2006a). Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), started his career as a writer. Hemingway’s first important work was ‘The Sun Also Rises’ (1926). Similarly successful was ‘A Farewell to Arms’ (1929). Hemingway used his experiences as a reporter during the civil war in Spain as the background for his most ambitious novel, ‘For Whom the Bell Tolls’ (1940). Among his later works, the most outstanding is the short novel, ‘The Old Man and the Sea’ (1952), for which Ernest Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature (1954) (The Nobel Foundation 1954). Â  Herbert Clark Hoover (1929-1933) was the 31st President of the United States. Within eight months of his induction, the stock market crashed, signifying the beginning of the Great depression, the most severe economic crisis the United States had ever known. The Great Depression was a stern test for Hoover and one that proved difficult to manage. World War I brought Hoover to importance in American politics and thrust him into the global attention (Presidency in History, 2003a). Eleanor Roosevelt was an active First Lady during her husband Franklin D. Roosevelts presidency. She traveled, visiting relief projects, surveying working and living conditions, and then reporting her observations to the President. She became a supporter of the rights and needs of the poor, and of the disadvantaged. Even after President Roosevelts death Mrs. Roosevelt continued public life. She was appointed to the United States Delegation to the United Nations General Assembly. She was chairman of the Human Rights Commission. She was an American representative to the World Federation of the United Nations Associations. Mrs. Roosevelt received many awards for her humanitarian efforts (FDR

Rocket Singh From The Point Of View Of Business Ethics

Rocket Singh From The Point Of View Of Business Ethics The movie begins with the introduction of Ranbeer Kapoor as Harpreet Singh Bedi. He has just graduated from college and is enthusiastic about being a salesman. He lands up a job as a computer salesman in a multinational company AYS Solutions. In no time he realizes that his principles of operating with honesty and integrity were considered obsolete. He is looked down when he complains about a person asking for bribe to install his company computers. Thereafter he is prohibited from contacting any prospective clients. It becomes clear that his boss wants him out. During this time he gets a slipup from a colleague to visit a prospective client. The client is a startup and cannot afford the company price for two computers. At this point Harpreet offers to try and cut down the prices. He finds that his company overcharges the customers. Harpreet then assembles the computers with the help of one of his colleagues. He uses a wholesaler as supplier. The final payment, he however, bills it o n the name of Rocket Sales Corporation. Thus, the story of a new Harpreet Singh Bedi and Rocket Sales Corporation starts. As the movie continues a few more people from AYS joins the gang. These people work in AYS and works for Rocket Sales Corporation. This corporation however does not use bribe to win contracts. It offers computers at lower prices, better services and 24 hour helpline. This helpline is one of the numbers from AYS which are unused. Harpreet Singh maintains a list of all the facilities Rocket Sales Corporation uses of AYS to pay back the value to AYS when the right time comes. With time the sales of Rocket Sales Corporation increases and begins to affect the business of AYS. At this time the CEO of AYS becomes restless and tries to find out more about Rocket Sales Corporation. However he is not able to find out much as the company has not given any address but only a phone number. AYS CEO tries to bribe Rocket Sales Corporation and also offers to buy them, but to no avail. He becomes desperate and in his desperation finds out the entire plot. He calls all those involved in the scheme and fires them. Rocket Sales Corporation is overtaken by AYS and Harpreet Singh goes to jail. He feels embarrassed for letting his family down. Harpreet then joins a shop like Reliance world as a service boy. On the other side, AYS uses the same corrupt means in Rocket Sales Corporation and starts to lose business again. The customers are more interested in ethical, honest and effective methods than bribes. AYS CEO realizes that Rocket Sales Corporation has no value in itself but in its people. In the end, the CEO tries again to get Harpreet back to manage Rocket Sales Corporation but he denies the offer. Finally, the CEO returns Rocket Sales Corporation back to Harpreet and he manages the organization with his original team in his new office. There are different ethical issues related to business taken up in the movie and we would try to study them with help of some theories based on ethics Ethical Theories Domain of Ethical Theories These are some of the theories of ethics that we have used in our analysis of the movie Rocket Singh Salesman of the year. These theories can mainly be distributed in two parts, Theories based on conduct and Theories based on character Deontological Vs. Teleological Ethical Systems Theories based on conduct are further sub-divided in theories of consequences (Teleological Theories) and theories of duty (Deontological Theories). Teleological Theories contains the theories of Ethical Egoism and Utilitarianism. These theories suggest that different consequences may suggest different ethical actions and a morally right action is one that produces a good outcome, or consequence. At the same time, Deontological theories suggest that rightness and wrongness of an action can be determined by the nature of the action itself rather than its outcomes. Ethics is a branch of philosophy dealing with right and wrong. According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, the definition is the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation. To comprehend the Deontological and Teleological separations is a philosophical study; there are varying definitions that can be based simply on a persons individual point of view of these types. Deontological ethics is the study of moral duty; obviously, morals are based on many separate views, as a result, it is important to understand the varying perceptions. In the study of deontological ethics, it is the right or wrong of the action that defines it. This is versus the teleological ethical system, which focuses on the good or evil of the action and the person committing the action. Emmanuel Kant first defined these principles, ÂÂ ²Kant held that nothing is good without qualification except a good will, which is one that wills to act in accord with the moral law and out of respect for that law, rather than out of natural inclinations. He saw the moral law as a categorical imperative-i.e., an unconditional command-and believed that its content could be established by human reason alone. Ethical formalism tends to dictate the logic of the approach, and does not necessarily contemplate what benefits the human versus the law, however is based purely on the action and whet her it is right or wrong. Another form of deontological ethics is egoism, in which the action must benefit the person committing the action, again however basing the form on the action versus the potential morality or reflection of god, as teleological arguments tend to be. Lastly, there is natural law, and the approach based on survival of the fittest, versus contributing to the whole. When utilizing this approach it is necessary to understand that according to natural law it is necessary that some humans, animals, etc, fail. A teleological argument, or argument from design, is an argument for the existence of God or a creator based on perceived evidence of order, purpose, design, or direction or some combination of these in nature. The word teleological is derived from the Greek word telos, meaning end or purpose. Teleology is the supposition that there is purpose or directive principle in the works and processes of nature. Immanuel Kant called this argument the Physico-theological proof. Ethical theories based on Self Interest vs Interest for Others Theories based on concern for self and concerns for others are mainly three theories, which are different from each other. If concern for self is high and concern for society is low than such a theory is considered as Ethical Egoism. In this theory, individual always comes ahead of the organization. In Utilitarian theory, both individual and society concerns have to be balanced. It is considered to be the idealist theory. While, in the theory of Altruism society always comes ahead of the individual and personal gains are not as important as gain of society as a whole. Theory of Egoism Egoism is a teleological theory of ethics that sets as its goal the benefit, pleasure, or greatest good of the oneself alone. It is contrasted with altruism, which is not strictly self-interested, but includes in its goal the interests of others as well. There are at least three different ways in which the theory of egoism can be presented: psychological Egoism This is the claim that humans by nature are motivated only by self-interest . Any act, no matter how altruistic it might seem, is actually motivated by some selfish desire of the agent (e.g., desire for reward, avoidance of guilt, personal happiness). This is a descriptive claim about human nature. Ethical Egoism This is the claim that individuals should always to act in their own best interest. It is a normative claim. If ethical egoism is true, that appears to imply that psychological egoism is false: there would be no point to saying that we ought to do what we must do by nature. But if altruism is possible, why should it be avoided? Some writers suggest we all should focus our resources on satisfying our own interests, rather than those of others. Society will then be more efficient and this will better serve the interests of all. By referring to the interests of all, however, this approach reveals itself to be a version of utilitarianism, and not genuine egoism. It is merely a theory about how best to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number. An alternative formulation of ethical egoism states that I ought to act in my own self-interesteven if this conflicts with the values and interests of otherssimply because that is what I value most. It is not clear how an altruist could argue with such an individualistic ethical egoist, but it is also not clear that such an egoist should choose to argue with the altruist. Since the individualistic egoist believes that whatever serves his own interests is (morally) right, he will want everyone else to be altruistic. Otherwise they would not serve the egoists interests! It seems that anyone who truly believed in individualistic ethical egoism could not promote the theory without inconsistency. Indeed, the self-interest of the egoist is best served by publicly claiming to be an altruist and thereby keeping everyones good favor. Minimalist Egoism When working with certain economic or sociological models, we may frequently assume that people will act in such a way as to promote their own interests. These are not a normative claim and usually not even a descriptive claim. Instead it is a minimalist assumption used for certain calculations. If we assume only self-interest on the part of all agents, we can determine certain extreme-case (e.g., maximin) outcomes for the model. Implicit in this assumption, although not always stated, is the idea that altruistic behavior on the part of the agents, although not presupposed, would yield outcomes at least as good and probably better. Utilitarian Theory Greatest benefit for the largest number This origin-of-ethics theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham and James Mill, declared that all action should be directed toward achieving the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. Originating in the 1800s, this theory strongly represents the (duh) utilitarian ideas of the industrial revolution: Lets make things work! There are 2 main sub-categories of Utilitarian theory: Act-utilitarians believe that people should perform actions that serve other people. That is what makes one good. Rule-utilitarins believe that rules are made for the good of the majority of people. Therefore, a good person follows the rules. A standard criticism of Utilitarian theory is that it would be perfectly morally acceptable to execute innocent people to prevent social ill for the majority. However, most of us find this immoral. Utilitarianism is the ideas that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its utility in providing happiness or pleasure as summed among all sentient beings. It is thus a form of consequentialism, meaning that the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome. Utilitarianism is often described by the phrase the greatest good for the greatest number of sentient beings, and is also known as the greatest happiness principle. Utility, the good to be maximized, has been defined by various thinkers as happiness or pleasure (versus suffering or pain), although preference utilitarians define it as the satisfaction of preferences. It may be described as a life stance, with happiness or pleasure being of ultimate importance. Utilitarianism can be characterised as a quantitative and reductionist approach to ethics. It can be contrasted with deontological ethics (which do not regard the consequences of an act as being a determinant of its moral worth) and virtue ethics (which focuses on character), as well as with other varieties of consequentialism. Theory of Distributive Justice Equality of burden and benefit Distributive justice concerns what some consider being socially just with respect to the allocation of goods in a society. Thus, a community in which incidental inequalities in outcome do not arise would be considered a society guided by the principles of distributive justice. Allocation of goods takes into thought the total amount of goods to be handed out, the process on how they in the civilization are going to dispense, and the pattern of division. Civilizations have a narrow amount of resources and capital; the problem arises on how the goods should be divided. The common answer to this question is that every individual receives a fair share. Often contrasted with just process, which is concerned with just processes such as in the administration of law, distributive justice concentrates on just outcomes and consequences. Virtue Ethics Virtue ethics is currently one of three major approaches in normative ethics. It may, initially, be identified as the one that emphasizes the virtues, or moral character, in contrast to the approach which emphasizes duties or rules (deontology) or that which emphasizes the consequences of actions (consequentialism). Suppose it is obvious that someone in need should be helped. A utilitarian will point to the fact that the consequences of doing so will maximise well-being, a deontologist to the fact that, in doing so the agent will be acting in accordance with a moral rule such as Do unto others as you would be done by and a virtue ethicist to the fact that helping the person would be charitable or benevolent. Virtue theory is an approach to ethics which emphasizes the character of the moral agent, rather than rules or consequences, as the key element of ethical thinking. This contrasts with consequentialism, which holds that the consequences of a particular act form the basis for any valid moral judgment about that action, and deontology, which derives rightness or wrongness from the character of the act itself rather than the outcomes. The difference between these three approaches to morality tends to lie more in the way moral dilemmas are approached than in the moral conclusions reached. For example, a consequentialist may argue that lying is wrong because of the negative consequences produced by lying though a consequentialist may allow that certain foreseeable consequences might make lying acceptable. A deontologist might argue that lying is always wrong, regardless of any potential good that might come from lying. A virtue ethicist, however, would focus less on lying in any particul ar instance and instead consider what a decision to tell a lie or not tell a lie said about ones character and moral behavior. Principles of Ethical Leadership According to the principals of ethical leadership, any leader should have these five qualities imbibed into him to serve ethically and justly. Firstly, a leader should always respect others and point of view of others whether he agrees with them or not. Secondly, he should not only serve self interest but also interest of others. A leader has to follow utilitarian theory of ethics. Thirdly, he must show justice while taking decisions and making choices, as the consequences of his choices in most cases will not be limited to himself. Fourthly, a leader should always show honesty and should be show integrity in whatever he does, if his followers will believe that he is unethical than the organisation will not sustain. Lastly, he should look to build community and for the welfare of community which is dependent on me. Analysis of Movie Rocket Singh Salesman of the year The analysis of the movie will be divided into four parts based on the theories of ethics being used, i.e., the movie would be analyzed on the basis of theory of egoism, utilitarian theory, theory of distributive justice and theory of ethics. The movie has appealed to the viewers as being light and refreshing. The movie would be analyzed on the basis of the ethical theories stated above. Some of the analysis may seem to contradict but certain ethical theories do contradict under different circumstances. Analysis on the basis of Theory of Egoism Harpreet Singh did what he felt was just. Like all, his feelings of just and unjust were determined primarily on his life experiences. People are taught certain basic values. They use these values as base and build upon them as they learn from their life experiences. These secondary values may be entirely different from the basic values if the experiences are very stressful. On the basis of his values, Harpreet Singh acted in his interest. Similarly, other characters in the movie acted according to their interests. This theory accepts their actions as being right if others would have done so in the same position. Assuming everyone to be sane, everyone would have done the same thing under same circumstances. Hence, the judgment part is limited. Harpreet Singh and everyone else are thus acting ethical in their part. Analysis on the Basis of Utilitarian Theory Utilitarianism is the ideas that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its utility in providing happiness or pleasure as summed among all sentient beings. According to this theory, even when Harpreet Singh had opened a company in his bosses company, nobody other than his small group knew of it. Thus summing up the feelings of all the people involved, who knew of the plot, the feeling turns out to be pleasant. It thus may seem ethical if no one else knows about the situation. This is so because this theory deals with the opinion of others or the interest of all. Also, from another point of view, the customers were happy with the services of Rocket Sales Corporation. The employees of Rocket Sales Corporation were happy with the progress of their company. Except for the interest of AYS services, the interests of everyone else were being served. Thus utility in providing pleasure or happiness sums up as positive. Hence, according to this theory, the act of the main protagonist may seem ethical in nature. Analysis on the Basis of Distributive Justice According to this theory, there is equality of burden and benefit in the society. Starting Rocket Sales Corporation under AYS solutions may seem beneficial to some. If everyone does the same, then it becomes more burdensome than beneficial. Such practices, thus may seem just, but are actually as unethical as the practices of bribing to win contracts followed by AYS solutions. Thus on the basis of distributive justice theory the act portrayed in the movie is unethical. Analysis on the Basis of Virtue Ethics The components of virtue theory are: 7 virtues faith, hope, charity, courage, justice, temperance, wisdom 7 contrary virtues humility, kindness, abstinence, chastity, patience, liberty, diligence 7 sins vanity, covetousness, lust, wrath, envy, gluttony, sloth The character Harpreet Singh had all 7 virtues and he seemed free from greed or envy. He started the business with intentions of doing good to people in general. Only the act was performed in violation of law. On the basis of these virtues the protagonist seems virtuous and kind hearted. On the other hand, his boss, manager of AYS had the qualities of vanity, greed, wrath, envy in him. He himself had been operating business by means of bribes. He thus does not seem virtuous. Analysis on the Basis of Marketing Ethics Marketing ethics is the area of applied ethics which deals with the moral principles behind the operation and regulation of marketing. Some areas of marketing ethics (ethics of advertising and promotion) overlap with media ethics. marketing necessarily commits at least one of three wrongs: Damaging personal autonomy. The victim of marketing in this case is the intended buyer whose right to self-determination is infringed. Causing harm to competitors. Excessively fierce competition and unethical marketing tactics are especially associated with saturated markets. Manipulating social values. The victim in this case is society as a whole, or the environment as well. The argument is that marketing promotes consumerism and waste. See also: affluenza, ethical consumerism, anti-consumerism In the movie, AYS solutions have marketed its product as the best. It has made itself a reputation of a market leader, a company which sells the best quality products. In actual, its products are not above market standards. In one scene, the repair person intentionally burns the circuit board so that he can charge his client for a burnt circuit board. In this way they will earn more. Marketing for own personal interest, to influence peoples opinion and mislead them is unethical. But it is generally followed by almost all companies. The motive to do business is to earn profit. Many companies which are concerned brands, are selling products which harm the society in general. Be it carbonated drinks, cigarettes, alcohol or even unhealthy foods. They survive on the pretext that consumers want it. But they drive demands with their advertisements and branding. Govt. cannot take a stand because they are not considered as unethical as drugs etc by society. They thus survive in the good faith of people in general, giving them incomplete information. Similar to this, AYS solutions duped people by making them believe that their products were best in industry. But in another context it is considered ethical, since to promote ourselves is not wrong. People can decide on what they know, and to tell them about us is also our responsibility. Hence, it can be said that AYS solutions was only promoting what it believed, that it was the best company in the industry and sold the best products available. Thus one argument would put AYS solutions as unethical, but another would call it as ethical; if the company argues that what it communicated was what it believed to be true. Analysis of the Ethical Nature of All the Characters Puri As the owner of AYS solutions, he believes in getting the work done by hook or by crook. With no regards to values like honesty and truthfulness he pursues his greed energetically. He does not flinches in offering bribes from watchmen to managers. It does not seem that he respects many people and treats them as a means to earn profits. He does not understands the values and ethics in business and treats them as sham. He therefore, treats Harpreet as a dumb fool who will never rise. The views that Puri has formed may have reasons to them, but from a neutral point of view they dont seem ethical. Its only in the end, when he returns Rocket sales Corp. back to Harpreet, it seems he has a side which he had suppressed for long. He shows due respect to Harpreet for what he is and maybe realizes his mistakes. Except for theory of egoism, Puri seems unethical being judged on other three theories. Nitin Rathore As being junior to Puri, Nitin seems a person who learns quickly in ways of deceit. Like Puri, he is into deceit and bribes to achieve his targets. He therefore, seems as unethical as Puri. But as time passes, he seems to learn virtues from Harpreet. With the right company, he relearns what he felt was stupidity honesty, integrity and truthfulness. He finds the honest way of life as maybe not very profitable economically (he had an offer to be vice-president if he finds about Rocket Sales Corp.) but very satisfying emotionally(he does not betray even under such an incentive). He develops integrity, self respect and qualities of a virtuous man. So even though he was not ethical initially but he is a changed man by the end, because of the right company. Giri This character watches porn in his office and trusts no one. He deceits for profit and is concerned with money, from Rocket sales or AYS. But he is a man of his word, can be trusted and does not betray any of his people. His ethicality is a grey area as he neither seems very bad nor very good. Koena She is the receptionist who wants to be known as more than a thing of attraction. She is concerned about Harpreet when he is out casted by his team because of his values. She shows compassion for people in general. But is also cunning and understands the hidden motives of the people involved and acts accordingly. Overall, she seems ethical. At some places where the ethicality of her actions may be questioned, it can be explained by a general urge to protect onself(i.e. an act of self-defence). Chhotelal Misra He is the waiter who is not confident about his abilities. His sense of worth is low. But as a person he is decent, modest, honest, polite and faithful. He is neither an ambitious man nor is greedy. He is ethical and a decent person. Harpreets patient grandpa, P.S. Bedi His grandpa is caring and decent. He values Harpreet and is supportive. He is angry at his grandson for his illegal act. But still he understands the innocence in the act and helps Harpreet overcome his guilt. He motivates Harpreet to live a life of honesty. Of what is projected in the movie he is ethical. Sherena She is Harpreets lover. She does not leave him after she gets to know about Rocket Sales Corp.. She somehow understands and supports him. She even lends her apartment as the office. But even though she understands what was done was illegal, she supports the act. With the kind of portrayal given to the character, it is tough to decide whether the act is ethical or unethical. Had she blown the whistle she may have seemed too virtuous. Yet she would have betrayed the faith. And what she did seems as something almost anyone else would have done. Hence, calling her unethical may seem a strong word. Harpreet Singh Bedi Being the hero he does what people would love. He is portrayed as a simple lad out of college, full of hope and energy. He stands for honesty, but being insulted for the same he starts his own company under AYS. He intends to pay back his boss for the resources he has used, i.e. electricity, mobile bills and rent. But apart from this he has also used the company information which is very valuable. He uses the company contacts and wins clients from them. He also takes his salary from AYS. He may be innocent and polite by nature but this act is not. Had he started Rocket Sales Corp. After leaving the company, he may not have got such an advantage over his competitors. Apart from this dishonesty he seems ethical and likable in a general sense. References and Useful Links http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/944995/deontological_vs_teleological_ethical.html?cat=17 http://webs.wofford.edu/kaycd/ethics/egoism.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributive_justice http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-virtue/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_ethics http://www.yashrajfilms.com/microsites/rocketsingh/fullpage.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleological_argument http://everything2.com/title/Utilitarian+Theory